﻿{"id":67918,"date":"2024-09-05T18:22:46","date_gmt":"2024-09-05T18:22:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/glorinhacohen.com.br\/?p=67918"},"modified":"2024-09-21T19:32:41","modified_gmt":"2024-09-21T19:32:41","slug":"premio-nobel-em-2015-o-times-higher-education-classificou-israel-como-o-quinto-melhor-desempenho-deste-seculo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/glorinhacohen.com.br\/?p=67918","title":{"rendered":"Pr\u00eamio Nobel \u2013 Em\u00a02015, o Times Higher Education classificou Israel como o quinto melhor desempenho deste s\u00e9culo"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"598\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/glorinhacohen.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/especial_3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-67920\" srcset=\"https:\/\/glorinhacohen.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/especial_3.png 598w, https:\/\/glorinhacohen.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/especial_3-228x86.png 228w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 598px) 100vw, 598px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Estabelecido pelo inventor sueco Alfred Nobel em 1895, o Pr\u00eamio Nobel \u00e9 um conjunto de pr\u00eamios anuais concedidos a indiv\u00edduos em reconhecimento aos avan\u00e7os culturais e\/ou cient\u00edficos em seis categorias \u2013 Literatura, Qu\u00edmica, Economia, F\u00edsica, Paz Mundial e Medicina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Israel produziu um n\u00famero desproporcional de vencedores do Pr\u00eamio Nobel. Em agosto de 2015, o Times Higher Education classificou Israel como o quinto melhor desempenho deste s\u00e9culo com base no n\u00famero de Pr\u00eamios Nobel ganhos, bem como na import\u00e2ncia e prest\u00edgio de cada um. A publica\u00e7\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m classificou as universidades globais com base nos vencedores do Pr\u00eamio Nobel e o Technion-Israel Institute of Technology ficou em oitavo lugar na lista, acima de Harvard e de todas as universidades brit\u00e2nicas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u00e3o nos surpreendemos mais quando talentosos judeus s\u00e3o apontados como ganhadores do pr\u00eamio Nobel. Entre 1901 e 2022, o Pr\u00eamio Nobel foi concedido a mais de 900 indiv\u00edduos e organiza\u00e7\u00f5es. Pelo menos 211 deles s\u00e3o judeus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u00e1 uma lista significativa em n\u00famero e mentes de judeus que contribuiram para o desenvolvimento cient\u00edfico, pr\u00e1tico e intelectual, atrav\u00e9s de pesquisas e descobertas que determinaram novos rumos ao presente e futuro do planeta e da humanidade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Li\u00e7\u00f5es para a Vida<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O Nobel de F\u00edsica chegou a ser dividido entre o americano Bruce Beutler, o franco-luxemburgu\u00eas Jules Hoffmann e concedido ao judeu canadense Ralph Steinman, falecido tr\u00eas dias antes do an\u00fancio oficial, sem que a comiss\u00e3o soubesse antes. Como Steinman n\u00e3o havia sido contactado, e apenas souberam mais tarde de sua morte, o pr\u00eamio foi mantido em homenagem p\u00f3stuma recebida por seus familiares. Steinman faleceu na v\u00e9spera de Rosh Hashan\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O caso de Steinman nos ensina que \u00e9 uma pena n\u00e3o termos tido o reconhecimento em vida de nosso trabalho, mas no entanto, mesmo ap\u00f3s a morte, podemos ser avaliados e homenageados por nossas contribui\u00e7\u00f5es. Construir um bom nome tamb\u00e9m pode ser comparado a um monumento. No caso do cientista, ele deixou um legado, um monumento \u00e0 humanidade. Outro exemplo tem sido o judeu israelense Dan Shechtman, Nobel de Qu\u00edmica, (cientista do Instituto de Tecnologia de Israel, Technion), pela descoberta dos quase-cristais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na manh\u00e3 de 8 de abril de 1982, enquanto examinava uma liga de alum\u00ednio e mangan\u00eas em um microsc\u00f3pio eletr\u00f4nico, Shechtman viu uma imagem que contradizia as leis da natureza e inicialmente duvidou do que havia observado. Mais dif\u00edcil foi convencer a comunidade cient\u00edfica de que se tratava de uma importante descoberta. Um dos que duvidaram foi Linus Pauling, ganhador do Nobel de Qu\u00edmica em 1954. Em toda mat\u00e9ria s\u00f3lida, at\u00e9 ent\u00e3o se achava que os \u00e1tomos se agrupavam dentro de cristais em padr\u00f5es sim\u00e9tricos repetidos peri\u00f3dica e constantemente. Para os cientistas, essa repeti\u00e7\u00e3o era fundamental de modo a se obter um cristal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A imagem vista por Shechtman mostrava algo diferente: que \u00e1tomos em um cristal poderiam ser agrupados em um padr\u00e3o que simplesmente n\u00e3o se repetiria jamais. A descoberta foi t\u00e3o pol\u00eamica que o pr\u00f3prio cientista foi convidado a deixar o grupo de pesquisa do qual fazia parte. O diretor do laborat\u00f3rio at\u00e9 mesmo lhe deu um manual de cristalografia, aconselhando-o a estudar mais. Durante 29 anos foi desacreditado, criticado e desprezado por colegas. Perdeu at\u00e9 seu lugar junto ao seu grupo de pesquisas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No entanto, os mosaicos ajudam a elucidar sua descoberta. Mosaicos n\u00e3o peri\u00f3dicos, como os medievais encontrados em constru\u00e7\u00f5es isl\u00e2micas \u2013 tal qual o pal\u00e1cio de Alhambra, na Espanha, ou a mesquita Darb-i Imam, no Ir\u00e3. Eles ajudaram os cientistas a entender como os quase-cristais se parecem no n\u00edvel at\u00f4mico. Assim como os quase-cristais, esses mosaicos t\u00eam padr\u00f5es regulares, que seguem regras matem\u00e1ticas, mas nunca se repetem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Depois da descoberta de Shechtman, outros cientistas produziram diversos tipos de quase-cristais em laborat\u00f3rio. Na natureza, essas formas inusitadas tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o encontradas. Foram observadas em amostras de minerais de um rio na R\u00fassia e em um tipo de a\u00e7o feito na Su\u00e9cia. Quase-cristais est\u00e3o sendo experimentados nos mais variados produtos, de frigideiras e motores a diesel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O tempo e outras pesquisas mostraram que Shechtman estava certo e sua descoberta acabou alterando o conceito e o conhecimento sobre a mat\u00e9ria s\u00f3lida. Shechtman receber\u00e1 10 milh\u00f5es de coroas suecas (cerca de R$ 2,8 milh\u00f5es) em cerim\u00f4nia em dezembro, em Estocolmo. Mas sua recompensa \u00e9 muito maior que a monet\u00e1ria: \u00e9 ter sido reconhecido, ter dado a volta por cima deixando surpresa toda uma classe cient\u00edfica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A li\u00e7\u00e3o que devemos levar para nossas vidas, em nosso relacionamento com colegas, amigos e familiares e para n\u00f3s mesmos s\u00e3o significativas: devemos aprender a escutar sempre as pessoas \u00e0 nossa volta. Jamais devemos subestimar nossos colegas, irm\u00e3os, amigos. Devemos sempre dar respeito e espa\u00e7o para que possam se expressar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ficaremos surpresos com a capacidade e resultados que poder\u00e3o ser conquistados.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Economia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1970 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fpaul-samuelson&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294006307%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=OpdRI%2BbuJV%2F%2F%2F3OpgPsg0Z3gKPN7UJNh3bWkIf3hjC4%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Paul Samuelson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1971 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fsimon-kuznets&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294019246%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=FZ824r6p533McpsPTL0edFdLjg4lzOP8NZlLdCMN%2FC4%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Simon Kuznets<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1972 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fkenneth-arrow&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294023659%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=1RA9ajB853P6%2BOLMPXc0EVVf625Nh8RJP2Auf3NSfq4%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Kenneth Arrow<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1973 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fwassily-leontief&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294027947%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=2ZhDLKCHG80gYwK6%2F7DtmLGdm%2Bx6zy%2B0OcBzJx5VZSg%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Wassily Leontief<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1975 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fleonid-kantorovich&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294033293%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=Y%2BEZYf%2FDLVSmYJNYmYF9WVojCBRtFHANUdwpwswZLXc%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Leonid Kantorovich<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1976 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmilton-friedman&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294037688%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=ar3AVNkHAT%2F6iggWYsvKofnGtp0kVoYV%2FgfJEDZ2CFs%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Milton Friedman<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1978 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fherbert-simon&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294042356%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=wlMFcJmpbWL9lkZcgKWb32f7kNh%2FguzgeAshfnXryGY%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Herbert A. Simon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1980 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Flawrence-klein&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294046834%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=H0muSSR1GsP3EHjthEUi%2FT9KMEZ%2BObk287E3iGWLpm8%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Lawrence Robert Klein<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1985 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Ffranco-modigliani&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294052674%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=QSMGITVlakSiNS7UEyae45tQDdJqH6v9brKfq0lgzmM%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Franco Modigliani<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1987 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Frobert-merton-solow&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294057920%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=nMcHKZO2oixawsbWI6E9iDGUJCK6pmjTJFn41WFvbzY%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Robert M. Solow<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1990 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fharry-markowitz&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294062626%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=xf54W20iZ4U2qQcr%2FDEM9QB1MGomTWV4uemN47Q8jGo%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Harry Markowitz<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmerton-howard-miller&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294067108%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=NDvK0NDUJHx9cuOcCfK36ubEeqGsZJx75jKyaW60n9k%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Merton Miller<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1992 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fgary-becker&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294071982%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=l%2BDxXwEFKKjurtUwbBzeoh28caDIREAV35dUVDVbts4%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Gary Becker<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1993 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Frobert-fogel&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294076438%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=jYqjHRjw8fkEpVS%2BlUK4g%2FTjqskpXkmkfgQUUBLuEkk%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Robert Fogel<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1994 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjohn-harsanyi&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294080887%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=soojrxP02UWNdoqi5eLwPbqgGU9O4UtS%2FNIDuc4sV%2BQ%3D&amp;reserved=0\">John Harsanyi<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1997 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmyron-scholes&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294085332%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=ve%2Bkf1O4WQek4LpfxyvUw87o6XhuB1KYUqlRfoitgEM%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Myron Scholes<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2001 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjoseph-stiglitz&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294089754%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=cfW8cl06H3USA%2FR%2BPpLY2fU9wuvkiyv94sqtrMTPKG8%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Joseph Stiglitz<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fgeorge-akerlof&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294094071%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=Wd%2FR8qZ1I%2B%2BA%2BGpYWpE3KooF79vj2DOaCicIxdUjc6M%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">George A. Akerlof<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2002 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fdaniel-kahneman&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294098380%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=sQUXRkzayGbbRAZH%2FFSb3n3C%2FIxmpWQgtUEtfdToJ8E%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Daniel Kahneman<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2005 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Frobert-aumann&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294102701%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=ICvZbefl0cD3sHRqcaZeuUGjhpnOyCwbcsvBQOAT8nY%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Robert Israel Aumann<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2007 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fleonid-hurwicz&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294107035%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=gj7rbwyHJ0yp09j%2B0WS3EZ%2FQPJtFrjHV0lmxyrOmo24%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Leonid Hurwicz<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Feric-maskin&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294111361%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=%2F3xFklOD%2BAfIXBRZLK97J%2Fj7rEqkTAC9jadwAm8j12A%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Eric Maskin<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Froger-myerson&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294115650%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=ykWX7HNswpd16QB7UrbnuUzPy5uGqAB18cxwytIdPgU%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Roger Myerson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2008 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fpaul-krugman&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294119930%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=Qyn1Xxl%2FZEU50GQHYRk7pvm2J0MG0ELQP%2Fg2uA9sqlw%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Paul Krugman<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2010 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fpeter-diamond&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294124134%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=b9XDNjZKgzi9cpbfRTSv%2BrRkZWtaiwc10cfH2n9zhQM%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Peter Diamond<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2012 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Falvin-roth&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294128331%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=T04CrPSzD2eWhHwpdJs5y2luk6i12kaFILqV9idFb1c%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Alvin Roth<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2018 &#8211; William Nordhaus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2019 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmichael-kremer&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294132551%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=Q62WrqLMjGFAyjV7EKigEr%2BEhCXuywEQUZaDd%2BExyoQ%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Michael Kremer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2020 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fpaul-milgrom&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294136781%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=00jQVRa0nJLAlQobSBunEgH0BYrYwEzsCw4ewxBJiYs%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Paul Milgrom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2021 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjoshua-angrist&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294140964%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=bLhX096ZGk5%2F8hvvJIqJid%2BFj%2F11BJi9les2mFLjHac%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Joshua Angrist<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2022 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fben-bernanke&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294145176%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=FMHst7gq92HQGpdgCkG2zzYF9jDS8EeZIO8DKVhxBzs%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Ben Bernanke<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>F\u00edsica<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1907 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Falbert-michelson&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294149374%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=I%2FDVNHQ0dHrQ2Jt01ZWxzJYHATgZ4dt663BZWGVMeUU%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Albert Abraham Michelson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1908 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fgabriel-lippmann&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294153545%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=QQG2aBqIgqT3PYVis2ysMoywMeNxNew40G6pp9nDZBA%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Gabriel Lippmann<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1921 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Falbert-einstein&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294157836%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=odInO%2BZSraACvtEL0S8dy9Q17C8yJ22P%2BOICGsGe7u8%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Albert Einstein<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1922 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fniels-bohr&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294162072%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=LqRXAzrbvTKv%2Bwm5QXaLmO5UeEBSTdzsC1AC6fsJ%2Bi4%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Niels Bohr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1925 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjames-franck&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294166577%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=RkK5Kr1%2FgaQh3kHk1f9RuevkiadXkF7TSLYqDaByefs%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">James Franck<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fgustav-hertz&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294170864%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=O63GYKZZckazhv9cMiEUqLnm%2F6hq%2FlK7Ju9PO9GvcJk%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Gustav Hertz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1943 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fotto-stern&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294175158%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=UobjV%2BpGVYhH1zlupnML72O1AQzUcg%2B8Nhq2r30r7GI%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Otto Stern<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1944 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fisidor-rabi&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294179411%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=v1%2BndI1AaHOUShbyCmzhW7afGkZAik3MKB8o4jePx8Y%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Isidor Issac Rabi<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1945 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fwolfgang-pauli&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294183616%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=hpbdVc6Sa2aVKvEuoDS7qf3P2W0HNK8OK0bTFiuiATk%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Wolfgang Pauli<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1952 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Ffelix-bloch&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294187763%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=dbp9%2BHaCFJ7MTekOVOD35ub7NaAEPAXJJaADFoOi%2F18%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Felix Bloch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1954 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmax-born&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294191978%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=mYg8PVsQ3kclHUs7FIFM2dOSDVabqpmsDCbyIL8EkQU%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Max Born<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1958 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Figor-tamm&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294196101%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=e9cHm9jkAUPfv5FjOfT6QTsXTcEuo1PZsIYwNVFVZ88%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Igor<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Figor-tamm&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294200245%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=I2VnH3KyBD%2FjoDH9qM4rPNdUXKQ6PimHAZS6PY2RDfo%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Tamm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fil-ja-mikhailovich-frank&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294204336%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=sx4vBUX0n%2B3juiPpAL2kMze0opDvX9xEsW%2ByZUDiIcg%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Il&#8217;ja Mikhailovich Frank<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1959 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Femilio-segr-egrave&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294210346%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=mrxU9TokAQIQPbNmlDsR3vf%2FaN4U%2BvK1uGEI%2F6y8wp0%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Emilio Segr\u00e8<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1960 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fdonald-glaser&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294214940%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=XBMlWnXsjndiKsEKOrYQeUGzwFxB5pujuM%2B5ifBOAl8%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Donald A. Glaser<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1961 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Frobert-hofstadter&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294219111%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=1Pr1yTJJCqc53SrXcWVGODPa1xV9%2BNNcs9%2FJiG3seng%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Robert Hofstadter<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1962 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Flev-landau&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294224090%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=DuT0WO%2FOSSmvP6%2B8H1kNASyXfu2qKoIZrMYJmPalipA%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Lev Davidovich Landau<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1963 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Feugene-wigner&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294228327%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=7nXbn0Yz9FkdbsJABhI84%2BfEIV7wXPyEc4zzDPQmmI0%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Eugene Wigner<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1965 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Frichard-feynman&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294232524%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=QUC%2B38W9HXzZZ43KwNX31w8PGHlLC%2FWTdWiqp8GBN6Y%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Richard Feynman<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjulian-schwinger&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294236748%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=m%2FvfaZ8TOBLYfn%2BI%2Be%2BPqx8H2eguDpWGNctsVNBWV18%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Julian Schwinger<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1967 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fhans-bethe&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294240984%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=gmsLC3wlp9zXOqYKCg8PmxTm8jsj%2FcqDt9HDya%2BQCuw%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Hans Bethe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1969 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmurray-gell-mann&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294245149%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=fo%2FmAU0lPZP9XVttz1BA25NOnKYTZdGwijDWqBfJjKI%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Murray Gell-Mann<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1971 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fdennis-gabor&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294250015%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=izZYvJyTl2UoygshaCG4GQpTVcot1pTesGnZG5gqj90%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Dennis Gabor<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1972 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fleon-cooper&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294254339%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=oA3GkDVse%2BuS93TcAmq%2BG08BiL6Q3g%2FdjuktmpImtgQ%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Leon Cooper<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1973 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fbrian-david-josephson&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294258724%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=z38mgB%2FItukoC%2FTrKxstVRpMg82HwJXiuwgTIP07PDI%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Brian David Josephson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1975 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fbenjamin-mottleson&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294262878%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=AopoMILFU7ah3gz2RyH82pAmtj39rYVk%2FEhcRJWFwuo%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Benjamin Mottleson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1976 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fburton-richter&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294266986%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=%2F7IpDSnQuV2oZvQiVvm7YMF1js%2B2UWrD0OpR1dPjMLY%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Burton Richter<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1978 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Farno-penzias&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294271153%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=I%2FIacY8QjUHCVDtrrkrPwowdrZDqrlIITt4TsFmTfzU%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Arno Penzias<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fpyotr-kapitsa&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294275227%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=QvRYD4rcW6MjCoXDO2ZU0mZxxo88CaQfz4mgLC2KXuQ%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Pyotr Kapitsa<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1979 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fstephen-weinberg&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294279442%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=WOvKq4W3r2MuVF7G4eaUEtvjbtC9OxXCJlm4cCyWTL8%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Stephen Weinberg<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fsheldon-glashow&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294283656%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=Yq0xsxY5APN7ShS7kqfHeRC6tuiORCjckyZJ3wPROrE%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Sheldon Glashow<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1987 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fk-alex-muller&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294287813%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=qVp0x5DjDkojpc01DAxb3P0FmrFslkZqQPDvG%2BwBQOk%3D&amp;reserved=0\">K. Alexander Muller<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1988 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fleon-lederman&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294292115%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=oIs9NzAdCdBm1RkwkryKOM1vajUnL%2B5EEqKBVIv27aM%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Leon Lederman<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmelvin-schwartz&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294296378%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=SIfe8MMNba8Dw4xIpIiwaNfe3fIssEvNUKYKH9pkDYo%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Melvin Schwartz<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjack-steinberger&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294300539%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=7lQOlxY1vO73ykKp8J09oYl6Yx3OWhVI6dBGZ7M44gs%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Jack Steinberger<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1990 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjerome-friedman&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294304838%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=RrKfBesL8r4OipL%2FmNnQv358g0GuA6qfqW%2BLFLeljhU%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Jerome Friedman<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1992-&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fgeorges-charpak&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294308993%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=8sxc78mOY3ZhbTMR8%2BGqnsp30mDfaVG49tuCJxFtkKI%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Georges Charpak<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1995 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmartin-perl&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294313143%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=HripGEb1LgF08lKi4vRUeylt8KWa163FGZlgGfjMYOA%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Martin Perl<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Ffredrick-reines&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294317311%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=2xWSY6b4L%2BolxD1foTuXc6TgKqlHFS%2FSlOp0MW9a0js%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Fredrick Reines<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1996 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fdavid-m-lee&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294321567%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=0NlV5mCDKZYiZVnBkgxQ%2FcxJlLNhNYUjh6vhBj5564M%3D&amp;reserved=0\">David M. Lee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1997 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fclaude-cohen-tannoudji&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294325793%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=JLtqdAw%2BKlaSzsSED3%2F0EhyAOKAKYpqbrhXlYT1HaRk%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2000 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fzhores-i-alferov&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294330050%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=YjJcjFBk5QG7oVAEwr8ShN%2FAHx6B06aW6vUSRTcWY7o%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Zhores I. Alferov<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2003 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fvitaly-ginzburg&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294334282%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=oWoYsuxMyXTEwFsVrdHJ6YRhV4geN91k5Z%2Fabvqs%2BW4%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Vitaly Ginzburg<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Falexei-a-abrikosov&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294338491%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=6ZuW%2Bjx7%2FkT1b4CKIPKsfB2wpMVw2V1l7uMuBTJASUA%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Alexei A. Abrikosov<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2004 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fh-david-politzer&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294342806%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=KuJF%2BvaxyF5M0zV%2F8gUXDcAqskHJNRofJ0yLtpdOA1s%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">H. David Politzer<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fdavid-gross&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294347042%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=alRg5Tsb1K111JPZyenuSXoWD9vdalnGRmHHva1sRDM%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">David Gross<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2005 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Froy-j-glauber&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294351341%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=uzUr2ycYnlIffC%2BWwYX%2Bg27iRMSrKGrv3a3LIGLjMkI%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Roy Glauber<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2011 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fsaul-perlmutter&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294355618%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=4J%2Fk2iXYjUDWvvYyH1h34El1rcYlcqWjwyILu0WkT3c%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Saul Perlmutter<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fadam-riess&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294359842%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=tPbpof4fi85U8lS54Ej5nKTj0JniBzevd93WHmZ8P10%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Adam Riess<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2012 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fserge-haroche&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294366116%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=THom5nPt%2FYm9qtfsnt6tFvdSrwtMO1E%2FDG4zSfjz%2BM4%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Serge Haroche<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2013 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Ffrancois-englert&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294372305%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=IOTBPBYrXG%2Fxcpic3W7oUZ94R6hnZ%2BqhP8hAYOHOt2o%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Francois Englert<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2016 &#8211; J. Michael Kosterlitz<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2017 &#8211; Rainer Weiss<br>             Barry C. Barish<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2018 &#8211; Arthur Ashkin<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2020 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Froger-penrose&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294378503%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=v5XgSAPx5DJfJrHa2JpwcMlrj1xXUqWc8k0J0ZRtGSE%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Roger Penrose<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Literatura<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1910 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fpaul-heyse&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294383590%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=tdfx%2FSjQ5fNqeyguHHW%2FXt9DsFu4m1G8WI1xczq%2FhqM%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Paul Heyse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1927 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fhenri-louis-bergson&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294387986%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=pZZ%2B2rU2dnAbVzznIitc85s6QIuhbDSJOOcAT1arcX8%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Henri Bergson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1958 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fboris-pasternak&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294392661%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=QyKwA9sErZVjxysO6mYMwk9QXVjyhQ8%2FH%2FRffq4cfRI%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Boris Pasternak<\/a><br>(Foi for\u00e7ado a recusar o pr\u00eamio pela Uni\u00e3o Sovi\u00e9tica.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1966 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fshmuel-yosef-quot-shai-quot-agnon&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294396965%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=7jhPm3NfS2Azg%2BSYAqBVb24gHpiDMFbwLVsca8Lnnjc%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Shmuel Yosef Agnon<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fnelly-sachs&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294401324%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=B51b3pq8olZICqpJ312ZLAnC%2B05YUMRoV9fwjIFNyM0%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Nelly Sachs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1976 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fsaul-bellow&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294405620%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=m0UQJnfopkloZkAnWTbMnPiuE%2Fe%2Fd8qKJMrPaYektl8%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Saul Bellow<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1978 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fisaac-bashevis-singer&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294410064%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=Ogh7KAmfF0gqxcxVTNkvs63M%2BzsufJO6X72bAU9CtTI%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Isaac Bashevis Singer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1981 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Felias-canetti&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294414610%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=PKxgDtN4jtD%2BxE8LbnzXuVEa60Fs5ipu5E0cvayebas%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Elias Canetti<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1987 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjoseph-brodsky&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294418981%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=aaEE9CJweEReTTIB5DiF3y57uY9K%2BozETNyqat6Lka4%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Joseph Brodsky<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1991 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fnadine-gordimer&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294423301%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=X8GqpIHpRTjsrtRH3BqVbN9VyJnNWiFCHuWygTneUYw%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Nadine Gordimer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2001 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fimre-kert-eacute-sz&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294427658%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=vx8p%2Bu6hchDaewiyciQUoiegT01kzLMnEgwolXzL1CU%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Imre Kertesz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2005 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fharold-pinter&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294431996%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=rYi2%2FhIWbIqB%2FxeBsZNUTwT3BiwotX6xTRq72WPoSXQ%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Harold Pinter<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2016 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fbob-dylan&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294436381%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=SPGWX6Hu%2BFMG%2BPhTx37ZHWCTR3Rn4FqG4qRehyc6wew%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Bob Dylan<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2020 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Flouise-gluck&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294441807%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=inZ90lFzNiop1qYEsTD1B5pqGmhgk5ofGk3j9g6os6A%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Louise Gluck<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Medicina e Fisiologia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1908 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Felie-metchnikoff&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294446150%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=2FzD3%2B17mNrslQmrMPRTtUapRx2Bu2cWdonuaTwNi8A%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Elie Mechnikov<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fpaul-ehrlich&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294450459%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=GOmyTkUurWuv88jiM4SZ8MqbsS9v10cBM0XXGxuU%2FOk%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Paul Ehrlich<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1914 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Frobert-b-aacute-r-aacute-ny&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294454770%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=ymVqMbODepldbOcJPP%2BHsxV1rBH%2F6gzA9IHv4JuZFDk%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Robert Barany<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1922 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fotto-meyerhof&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294459044%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=XCnRbLIb2sNgPkvYJmnDZnNsmiSQs776IU53c1cCn4g%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Otto Meyerhof<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1930 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fkarl-landsteiner&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294463283%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=i5I%2B4Eli3MMqqURfOqvhXglTdoMhQ0mu43cpoVszoIs%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Karl Landsteiner<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1936 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fotto-loewi&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294467499%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=mFdAqJzfKQp244Ce73%2B0T%2FQtADKV%2BLn%2BGjg7w4CXLVs%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Otto Loewi<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1944 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fherbert-spencer-gasser&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294471720%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=V1zFBJrJQs0hhaMXCxywjRluw96pCLAOqJ2G57yVUH8%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Herbert Spencer Gasser<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjoseph-erlanger&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294475949%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=bcRTaHJZyFYQ2%2BrbzC%2FHsw%2BLxrbinj%2By6QkcPgQv%2B%2FQ%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Joseph Erlanger<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1945 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fernst-boris-chain&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294480265%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=qrlw4UGAXzD%2BxoBIlEzQABZ%2BdEhy5GUI4xkunIIBoFU%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Ernst Boris Chain<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1946 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fhermann-muller&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294485969%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=jaAZG06GCKK88QUAh3h2HMkHCvqINjElP1tnZO65amM%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Hermann Joseph Muller<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1950 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Ftadeus-reichstein&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294490633%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=8dgW57bRNu1Mv63%2Fr8w1uuuQFoURqHT8QZzCn7HGcPw%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Tadeus Reichstein<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1952 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fselman-waksman&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294494983%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=KxNPwyO%2BrFU2r19rDTsr4JMcv3MqqdfdKTy5%2FRMrisw%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Selman Abraham Waksman<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1953 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fhans-krebs&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294499247%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=7FcBCEpii59Qx7r7ET8RTBDpVU8MKozaLV8h7tZcY%2Fw%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Hans Krebs<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Ffritz-lipmann&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294503488%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=DtS3eSeuVYhd3skWrarGohgROVOARPZL%2Bw9JO2DMtdE%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Fritz Lipmann<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1958 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjoshua-lederberg&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294507701%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=cilNRGA52OBmZWag0XGKCivhl0lkEYHYYRnIbkN%2Bx9M%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Joshua Lederberg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1959 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Farthur-kornberg&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294512022%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=ewpSsyUPyySJwxUfJOFlW%2BCgxrM56A0VQg%2BtJymx23g%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Arthur Kornberg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1964 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fkonrad-bloch&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294516258%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=lbbTpRjMgFje3k7jLFMtlXKJXSFzVxnzInSifNjaJY4%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Konrad Bloch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1965 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Ffrancois-jacob&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294521952%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=a%2FlhulFQ3ahxhXDfE0S%2F5sY8c0lcPJ5uIgM97Rgj3GY%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Francois Jacob<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fandr-eacute-lwoff&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294526640%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=P3jx21zRmDjtQInGs3GP3bKdT7d5Rd96lmaeFqcMLD4%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Andre Lwoff<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1967 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fgeorge-wald&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294532653%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=m1Hvnm8T7bimsOryYMwsVGhtqVwlYrLvekVOpVJe7lc%3D&amp;reserved=0\">George Wald<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1968 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmarshall-nirenberg&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294536965%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=%2FgC13PPipM45pJ5biEjVitiKRRXtPLvl%2B7cwJ9Ws8Pc%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Marshall Nirenberg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1969 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fsalvador-luria&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294541580%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=ZWAItPJuCO96RtkSwdolICX4U4jCDEyHl%2BPr76rwAk4%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Salvador Luria<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1970 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjulius-axelrod&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294545948%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=1Bt0S%2Fc9OkFLmDPqrDp4489mhjHWpKwaeZqrAul3OpI%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Julius Axelrod<\/a> <br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fbernard-katz&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294550801%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=sXu9LXH5HV7QBtsypKqvjIE0tuHSxUQ6esLU19srTMk%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Bernard Katz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1972 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fgerald-maurice-edelman&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294555223%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=bNy3OE3U4hypTHNRbQsBUiR5N6gAHnJr1%2BlZyLEMqdI%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Gerald Maurice Edelman<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1975 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fdavid-baltimore&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294559638%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=OBcNX2ZUcnGXZV6eOHE%2FMBMw4Wss%2BZY8XdyG9kzFJN0%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">David Baltimore<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fhoward-temin&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294564021%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=VEY0LaQZcXvsm0%2F4sD%2FlSmDMmPWo71XAqijq3IGQXV8%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Howard Temin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1976 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fbaruch-blumberg&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294568611%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=y6iE0j%2B%2BkLVZ8EQKriHsrLA7aNzmCEWb5Q8fw1W2xBY%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Baruch Blumberg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1977 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Frosalyn-s-yalow&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294572990%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=ebFiwWxvEMwXJpppu3FBfYIY9xeQviYAmC1Ukv8bmfc%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Rosalyn Sussman Yalow<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fandrew-schally&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294577313%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=p1Nr4YWyaSj0Q49g94goFTFk7OW%2BtwfSjD45w9Znii0%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Andrew V. Schally<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1978 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fdaniel-nathans&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294581710%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=KibTyNDGGAhqJ%2FcFzq5LoKyBi5w0%2F3xJoizK%2FQ%2FrtRg%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Daniel Nathans<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1980 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fbaruj-benacerraf&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294586025%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=1OQJEsiOIsAHh6hbkLHo4FjcfqL079JvUWnbd%2BqaAv0%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Baruj Benacerraf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1984 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fcesar-milstein&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294590391%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=whaSGJS2BOT62CTlpi3p5TFJ8Zv%2BGn1aB3KW1fum%2ByE%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Cesar Milstein<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1985 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmichael-stuart-brown&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294594797%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=h0wC1AmbUzq%2Fg8T5Gs3HjfQCWNNtjpyaf5SSOofAhoY%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Michael Stuart Brown<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjoseph-goldstein&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294599198%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=ivzpBRnWkyEPev5vghHI7Pr%2F5CBN2G8yOs76DTma9xE%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Joseph Goldstein<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1986 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fstanley-cohen&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294603520%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=JeXGNOUY8NKQw0HVi%2B012VHgUR1QiXJwYh02gW%2BIVzk%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Stanley Cohen<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Frita-levi-montalcini&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294607895%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=Fp76TTSHlpr%2BCesGBXRt9UmAHyPXitSxx%2BlUFeee7vE%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Rita Levi-Montalcini<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1988 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fgertrude-elion&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294612183%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=7siCNqsW4vm6Q5%2BaGQN3gMZYgQJPHWi2%2FPsauPHPKJs%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Gertrude Elion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1989 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fharold-varmus&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294616435%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=cQok1dW6NKM11GlFu7JFnatAuNzRrTIGryzlO5jqZJM%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Harold Varmus<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1994 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Falfred-gilman&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294620716%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=NdRlVePjrRzNoDe0bcebfrgRQIuPCiWCHRcCS5NzEeA%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Alfred Gilman<\/a><br>            <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmartin-rodbell&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294624995%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=Iq4gAVu9aMo7eWK1AROFxJ4UTlV7OlIayYuqda6wuO0%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Martin Rodbell<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1997-&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fstanley-prusiner&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294629334%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=DjdTRzwfazXKKreEI8lyB7mYJzJDi8lbua07I2boM0E%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Stanley B. Prusiner<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1998 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Frobert-furchgott&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294633529%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=WGPhthYHAybZX4qk1CV%2F%2FUFvP4Id%2B5g0c9HvQ2NdPeI%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Robert Furchgott<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2000 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fpaul-greengard&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294637744%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=ZAIGSPD404WnN9HjZf6uX9VCVuZdu1L1ys0si%2BPqscc%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Paul Greengard<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Feric-kandel&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294641937%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=njUYiqgzZ7r2YRsxXtCMhUvE08ZPkqQP4EYAkK3yYHc%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Eric Kandel<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2002 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fh-robert-horvitz&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294646203%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=0owiPPuc8RUAarO%2Fg5S0cAmQXGXBzFM8EeQVMmo0EnA%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">H. Robert Horvitz<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fsydney-brenner&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294650459%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=75eZtnOjmGhgQ7GxIB85FA9ziH24Yuy6k%2FumAGXvekQ%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Sydney Brenner<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2004 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Frichard-axel&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294654713%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=RVAzM%2Brbv%2BTOC25hmqu%2FiKxsDpey6ufYM1H6EH1pIFY%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Richard Axel<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2006 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fandrew-fire&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294658902%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=UoseK%2BizWDnEqO6kRlzTtfIaXGcCNNbo4GZ0Ts7B0BA%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Andrew Fire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2011 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fralph-steinman&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294663055%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=rqzU5P4QKLEQ%2FIobuv7szSPfd4mSm2ivdg%2BE7vp3B5E%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Ralph Marvin Steinman<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fbruce-beutler&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294667156%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=PdTwTuiwmWLdgmnCpLCW77pFn%2BeHVZejVCzELxYmUpE%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Bruce Beutler<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2013 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjames-e-rothman&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294671304%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=xI0HkewncpzC4PFHtEmEvIyC9O3TzdJLbCp1K45KLTU%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">James E. Rothman<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Frandy-schekman&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294678732%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=38n%2Fxe9weJ1TYgbGbBGRrrZ6CFAzVWRUOmataC6p1o0%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Randy W. Schekman<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2017 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmichael-rosbash&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294683105%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=0P2EEINo0Ha65wtOKbo8DnEA6SK2KPOefv%2FMWqHizcc%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Michael Rosbash<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2020 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fharvey-j-alter&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294687192%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=XROYfHP3dKVwoohkhqzldYxEck%2Bo7XZR%2FR6N4oO0Y2o%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Harvey Alter<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2021 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fdavid-julius&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294691255%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=C4F%2F5NxydxvsTFcZStya1ze7vdyLgqiU63uxRO7dTjw%3D&amp;reserved=0\">David Julius<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Paz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1911 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Falfred-fried&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294695304%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=Ot3WpTPBPi7Akn%2BNCe69x0nz0q16xoVRRXcAOJw5NaQ%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Alfred Fried<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Ftobias-michael-carel-asser&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294699361%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=rfZ5FJt4zecJScSplDBxNQPpSy%2B2y6dBQ%2B%2BNLg0WXNM%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Tobias Michael Carel Asser<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1968 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Frene-cassin&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294703419%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=HsP85F3146QcQLt6VGfZKfecNZ13%2BVSwj9iDLwDUzAY%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Rene Cassin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1973 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fhenry-kissinger&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294707489%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=BvU%2ByHjaaxZ7av3wYFpp0AjoRcFAUx%2B7TN5HgGWUqgE%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Henry Kissinger<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1978 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmenachem-begin&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294711639%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=g3UiDig43m%2FP7OKS5cPVRwqgWBbUUYBdHgy79CIIwj4%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Menachem Begin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1986 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Felie-wiesel&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294715812%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=TuTDt3vRtkDzTD4cIgpvQ73xKVmAevgrUVmNShB3Vyw%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Elie Wiesel<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1994 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fshimon-peres&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294719886%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=gEwe6f3vSuOCO1IoHbPJ%2FjJYDBMSJ3FaZpODdMEbbS0%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Shimon Peres<\/a><br>              <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fyitzhak-rabin&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294723982%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=dCVuf3W%2FtEnsQqsEDiybz4LRNnktxapa5RtsbAe8ffk%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Yitzhak Rabin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1995 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjoseph-rotblat&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294728078%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=9os5YPR05tVkaOeEWWK%2Bhg9UKOyWJ%2BIBGM8F3L47CW0%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Joseph Rotblat<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Qu\u00edmica<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1905 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fbaeyer-adolf-von&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294732291%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=C%2BHwxLjo3VYfRI9oO3yoYnJBYhfL438F2PU47n4WRZA%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Adolph Von Baeyer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1906 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fhenri-moissan&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294736462%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=0kF%2FO0RLTbjoPVQO5zfJxEPnomMV9AhnrPFT%2FpS9UXw%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Henri Moissan<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1915 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Frichard-willst-auml-tter&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294740637%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=YDUd%2BOsBEg4jpIo5RUABljv%2BlGN8W%2FYIwA%2F0HCtyr7g%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Richard Willstaetter<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1918 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Ffritz-haber&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294744810%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=I8%2BDa1jXBgvAIoqqUPG629y7MRkwpuWo3sLH%2Bi60aQg%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Fritz Haber<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1943 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fgeorge-charles-de-hevesy&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294750587%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=rRV8%2BTDZ9vxfq7pK0SU55TgV609R6Ys7J7%2BbdXN6h30%3D&amp;reserved=0\">George Charles de Hevesy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1961 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmelvin-calvin&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294754777%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=98g7D0o3ncodg9fkC6HOglirWKyY186tH8gKvhZevdY%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Melvin Calvin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1962 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmax-ferdinand-perutz&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294758878%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=S1wqFD4W8%2FL0OTQWn7Jd63oJvHtgsd1DtqTEhLLlfLM%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Max Ferdinand Perutz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1972 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fwilliam-howard-stein&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294763075%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=YbLKd82tyArUdY7KvNebxR%2FR2CDMLTkq%2FdZJNE%2BCjYk%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">William Howard Stein<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fchristian-anfinsen&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294767175%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=tZRmAuM3YN8By04xUKt19GLVSq%2FqW%2F2S1woFEJk7kXw%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Christian Anfinsen<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1977 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Filya-prigogine&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294771340%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=vG35VqoMo2%2FpB%2B7xizKtlabsu69LfeTbxQa%2BZ6Ecchc%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Ilya Prigogine<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1979 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fherbert-charles-brown&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294775476%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=YH7p8En3dxLW%2F%2FJNWl6xsC3FU4z4kh3Xhnml2NDIoh8%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Herbert Charles Brown<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1980 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fpaul-berg&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294779606%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=6H8xVtbNWb8Zu1DdgIrOQC39WpaNpBQLmN5ao%2FSh9HM%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Paul Berg<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fwalter-gilbert&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294783711%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=DZU2ojFsnEmrIT1nZ0uWvf5VmT0SJ55wVBE9T1Z9EFo%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Walter Gilbert<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1981 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Froald-hoffmann&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294787713%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=1aIPGUw9EIZ25TWZkHCh%2BdoT5qvnqOSTJXTTZNPo0Uo%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Roald Hoffmann<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1982 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Faaron-klug&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294791849%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=qWSaYKayvnBpkNBBBP%2Fm5iX77md6JqeD8ikseJEpCkk%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Aaron Klug<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1985 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fherbert-hauptman&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294795879%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=DDieYM1zPL1HOKhU1CsHIw1NjCXQe%2FAWNvO0mmxYpOA%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Herbert Hauptman<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjerome-karle&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294799993%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=HiZhUqiqfQRqYPhaD5aUbnzCUNE7zYHCqX4U7%2BVdVME%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Jerome Karle<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1989 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fsidney-altman&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294804201%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=kMfCjW3PKlW0toEkhAk%2BqKPQctlmLdrEU%2FsOhpe6EH0%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Sidney Altman<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1992 &#8211; Rudolph Marcus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1994 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fgeorge-olah&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294808248%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=aRrOrXNvmvsrpcnXWBZPQeAgqJuRuqCFm0CuPL7YE8w%3D&amp;reserved=0\">George Olah<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;1998 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fwalter-kohn&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294812400%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=JTYqdFSAKHd%2BmXfNiU9zi5lNy82VhhPpwRvobr6k6o8%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Walter Kohn<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2000 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Falan-heeger&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294816530%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=Fp2XFSnlXGB5yk941EIGFzDeb7FjR8VMWF0uzL4dzAM%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Alan Heeger<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2004 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Favram-hershko&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294820585%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=JQazSQg2%2Frw2%2FYfpOb5FKca9FQEo8VCWzhLG6TdbxUs%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Avram Hershko<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Faaron-ciechanover&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294824613%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=J%2FS0kCvst1PIA2bO9iXamB9PMOdkS%2F%2BdQnO%2FvTjUKPQ%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Aaron Ciechanover<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Firwin-rose&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294828637%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=BsNLkBgV%2BTeuE0uhTk7NSjAwYeouq6LD0SaTBCb%2Br1w%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Irwin Rose<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2006 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Froger-kornberg&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294834553%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=ubZpWHph93iJN6sZeh1rNut%2BMFLYjGm7qePn4YkqO5A%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Roger Kornberg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2008 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmartin-chalfie&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294840598%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=e5Qw4DR45oqFktZgLz8C%2BrXA1g5J%2BpFg1Lpw5vcg3Qg%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Martin Chalfie<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2009 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fada-yonath&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294845231%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=LrUNOsI%2FmizqgsCLNLLiOvubVTjptDYjkW4pl5Boo9U%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Ada Yonath<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2011 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fdaniel-schechtman&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294849736%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=d7HoU1ytcWWEXaMhg5BTOd0YMXrEI26CJsPllPdCVvU%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Daniel Schechtman<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2012 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Frobert-lefkowitz&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294853888%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=Rd9111yyszbZ%2Fy7%2BTg7hiX55B4QAoE2C9wSrvo%2BsBag%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Robert Lefkowitz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b7&nbsp;2013 &#8211;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmichael-levitt&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294858160%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=XymQs5VzNTX29wJKu5w35Y2bVB1Kb6xg6u%2BSBkk1Un0%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Michael Levitt<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Farieh-warshel&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294862458%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=4BUOKwYSPUa3Amq0poLb8q6zUMqLBnE4GGhv3zIOrG0%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Arieh Warshel<\/a><br>             <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fmartin-karplus&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294866533%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=BwzJzAKO97irRQs%2FouU8UF3gMwRHh9Ndrnv6luqTxrY%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\">Martin Karplus<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Fonte: Jewish Virtual Library<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NOTA \u2013 mat\u00e9ria pulicada no&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F6040064%2Fjewish%2FO-Prmio-Nobel.htm%23utm_medium%3Demail%26utm_source%3D1616_revista_pt%26utm_campaign%3Dpt%26utm_content%3Dcontent&amp;data=05%7C02%7C%7C0d1bbd97ea664de683e608dccb5e581e%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638608853294871383%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=%2BXXOam7kMn3JoAieAc1YUL0riw6Hqf%2F0XU%2FlAoV28YM%3D&amp;reserved=0\">https:\/\/pt.chabad.org\/library\/article_cdo\/aid\/6040064\/jewish\/O-Prmio-Nobel.htm#utm_medium=email&amp;utm_source=1616_revista_pt&amp;utm_campaign=pt&amp;utm_content=content<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Estabelecido pelo inventor sueco Alfred Nobel em 1895, o Pr\u00eamio Nobel \u00e9 um conjunto de pr\u00eamios anuais concedidos a indiv\u00edduos em reconhecimento aos avan\u00e7os culturais e\/ou cient\u00edficos em seis categorias \u2013 Literatura, Qu\u00edmica, Economia, F\u00edsica, Paz Mundial e Medicina. Israel produziu um n\u00famero desproporcional de vencedores do Pr\u00eamio Nobel. Em agosto de 2015, o Times [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":68023,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,5],"tags":[315],"class_list":["post-67918","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-especial","category-eventos-recomendados","tag-315"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/glorinhacohen.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67918","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/glorinhacohen.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/glorinhacohen.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glorinhacohen.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glorinhacohen.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=67918"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/glorinhacohen.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67918\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":68025,"href":"https:\/\/glorinhacohen.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67918\/revisions\/68025"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glorinhacohen.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/68023"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/glorinhacohen.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=67918"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glorinhacohen.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=67918"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glorinhacohen.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=67918"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}